In Search for Functional Government in the Era of Modern Globalization 2 – the Wreckage with Last Five Hundred Years of Westerner Civilization

The book, On the Muslim Question published in January 2020 is a fearless, original book. Anne Norton argues that rather than simply a “clash of civilizations” between the West and Islam, what is really in question, is the West’s commitment to its own ideals: to democracy and the Enlightenment trinity of liberty, equality, and fraternity. In the most fundamental sense, the Muslim question is about the values not of Islamic, but of Western, civilization. She persuasively pointed out that in disputes over Muslims, we can see “Western” nations struggling to decide what democracy means to them and how truly democratic they are. It also shows that, though democracy requires the courage to live with those with whom we are profoundly different, in many places people are managing to do so quite successfully every day. 

Some people upset that this book either doesn’t treat the “Muslim question” as the kind of question they wish it were (e.g. how to get rid of Muslims), or upset that it challenges their narratives with differing opinions and critiques making use of inconvenient facts. The author informs us that this very same fear-fueled conversation was had about the Jews too before WWII, but history ever repeats itself. But then as now, it is a great insult to suggest that our institutions and history are all so weak that they will come tumbling down just because a single-digit percentile of our fellow citizens contribute by bringing in different experiences and thoughts. The West and its democracy and liberalism are not so small as to have no place for those who think differently from us.

With many citations, Anne Norton argued that Islam is not a powerless minority that we should want to change, but ourselves! The author asks the reader to consider if the reasons to hate and fear perhaps come from within rather than from without. The author talks about how Muslims have been victimized by the West EVEN AS the West victimizes itself. It is a book which presents the side of those we think ourselves superior to by virtue of them being other (and not being allowed to be otherwise), and which asks if our current state is how we want to be as a society. As the author points out, we cannot claim to uphold the values of freedom, equality, and fraternity if we do not extend those values to everyone who comes within our fold.

I would further argue that American’s anxiety came from its lost of value in meaning and purpose as compare to Islam’s life outlooks. Iran in the Bible describe surprisingly that the prophets and writers of the Hebrew Bible, like Daniel, Isaiah, and Ezra speaks of Persia as chosen by God, chosen for the good and for the blessing of all people. The Hebrew Bible chronicled prophecies, people and events related to Persian kings, epic battles and royal decrees that changed the world and how Jewish people became one of the favored people groups of the Persian empire. I would think that we can not deny there is a total crash of civilization between the West and the Muslim as well. Koch Brothers Exposed (American Billionaire Conspiracy Documentary) | Real Stories is a 2014 exposé on the billionaire brothers Charles and David Koch, who helped finance the conservative political advocacy group Americans for Prosperity.

Koch brothers, like many Americans and Baby Boomers, had a philosophy that profits are above everything else. They are trying to buy America. Over the years, Koch brothers had spent over 80 million dollars to at least 85 organizations to serve their agenda, and to build an ever-growing right-wing presence. Through vast networks, scripts were written. For example, they funded Texas governor $76K. They take over the state legislature. They designed their grant agreement with universities in such a way, they will exercise maximum control and influence on campus. Many of these grants came with very significant strings attached. They have very clear stipulations that give the Koch brothers excessive control over various aspects of universities’ internal affairs. They set up a pattern that universities are expected to give up their values to exchange for money, and programs they start tend to be one point of view only. They now have financial agreements with 150 colleges and universities. They spent tens of millions of dollars to get their point of view instilled in classrooms, among faculty members. Koch brothers can buy the senate, what is next, the president?

Meanwhile, record-Breaking Two Million Migrants Encountered At U.S. Southern Border. U.S. immigration policy is pushing migrants to take more dangerous routes. There are huge disturbing deadly human smuggling cases occurred. We are a immigrant country, why not allow more people coming? We are short of low cost labor, which is part of the reason causing inflation! Ultimately America is in question: a nation made a moral battleground. Is America to be guided by reason or the revealed word of God? Has the reach of the mind in science, the reach of the hand in technology, gone beyond limits set by nature? With all the tools and the pleasures of modernity at hand, are we too complaisant and too comfortable?

This similar trend of keeping up with the Jones for money and power seem to also start to develop in the Middle East. In November 2022, Qatar hosts the most popular sporting event on the planet: the FIFA World Cup. According to some estimates, the World Cup will cost Qatar around £138 billion (US$220 billion). This is around 60 times what South Africa spent on the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which cost $3.5 billion. As a result of such a large-scale event, it is no surprise that Qatar could potentially reap numerous benefits that spread far beyond the realm of the sporting industry.

The Western mindset of civilization reminds people of the The Bible story of Lot’s wife turning into a pillar of salt . Jesus used event as an example of what not to do just before his Second Coming back to earth. According to Bible scholars, it should be noted Lot’s mate did not miraculously become a mineral for merely taking a quick glance behind her to see the destruction of her home in Sodom. The English word “look” used to describe her action in Genesis 19:17 and 26, comes from the Hebrew nabat (Strong’s Concordance #H5027), which means to look intently in a favorable manner.

In a similar notion, Book Daniel 10 raised an interesting question: who is Prince of Persia? Pastor David Guzik commented on the passage as a great illustration of the principle of non-duality – God has no counter part – Princess Persia is God’s way to test the strength of Daniel’s prayer, his faith and will. This is one of the most revealing passages in the Bible dealing with spiritual warfare, helping us to understand what it is and what it is not. Who are our friends? Who is the enemy? What is our work in the world? A conflict outside is only a reflection of conflict within. Who am I?

In The Splitting of Europe – Global Capitalism with Richard Wolff, Prof Wolff looks at the divisions of Europe: over immigration, Brexit and the Ukraine War, and why capitalism needs divisions like these especially during it’s time of crisis and inequality. “They’re so needy to accommodate the nationalism so that their working class doesn’t turn against them that that same nationalism that saves them condemns them to be unable to become a unified capitalist competitor in the world. And they know it, and they suffer from it.” – Richard Wolff

The US has demonstrated an undeniable neglect towards its citizenry, for the benefit of a relatively few. That phenomena is well-documented and numerically demonstrable. And yet, those same forces are expanding globally. In a world with an ever-expanding population and diminishing resources, it is understandable from a Malthusian perspective. But not from a Human one. The neoliberal disease has spread deep into western societies and are now experiencing terminal decline due to a higher cost of living thus pricing their labor out of the international market. RIP Europe.

The EU right now is in a deep structural crisis (Neoliberalism stands in the way), but it’s also in a moment of deep self-reflection and awareness of the need to re-invent itself. The road will be bumpy, but there’s enough political flexibility to pull it off. Richard Wolff is less optimistic about the US and the UK with their 19th century party system that allows for no political experimentation at all. Richard Wolff believe, Brexit was a measure aimed into the very future unfolding right now. Britain has a predesigned separate role in the war in Ukraine than the EU, which couldn’t be done as a member.

Richard Wolff lived in Denmark. Many there are still not aware of The last 30 years of neo-liberalisation and what it really means. Due to a very slow and “Down-played” transition to neo-liberalism here in DK , people have not Yet fully seen or understood what it means, actually many have not yet at all realized what is going on and when Richard Wolff tried to explain, many think Richard Wolff was nuts. But The case is: many working-class people and people are not aware of having been seduced by narratives “placed” in mainstream media in order to “re-Educate” the Danish population so that most people turn neo-liberalistic. Just as you say: immigrants, refugees are blamed for been the guilty ones. So are “Lazy Robert”, “Poor Carina” and other narratives that serves to pinpoint who are the guilty ones and also gives you official license to shame-blame and stigmatize. And also gives license to victim-blame people that are sick, not able to work permanently or temporarily and so on, blaming as many for Being lazy, not taking responsibility, for faking, for cheating in order to illegitimate the welfare state and any kind of social security, because these terrible people steal your money, steal your future.

This has happened parallel to huge reductions in social welfare and our public welfare institutions are soon to implode due to Extreme mismanagement. But more working-class people and other groups not well of . They are more and more deliberately distracted by neo-liberalistic parties trying to polarize and make people extremely angry and full of hatred. Nasty business with a national election coming up in a few month. We have a social-democratic government BUT for years their politics have been “social-democratic neo-liberalism” and also socialist parties have turned more and more neo-liberalistic in many ways. So I really Fear that our national parliament becomes even more neo-liberalistic after the referendum. Ukraine: to many Danes – if you tell Them that you do not agree with The Way it is tackled or you are not so sure of who are: The good gays and The bad ones and so on – you can almost be sure to be Called traitor, a Putin-lover …

The globalization of 20th century had turned into global crisis. China, acclaimed as number two economic power, is not without serious issues of its own. The huge disparity of wealth is so huge that China topples the inequality rankings. Its GINI COEFFICIENT FELL TO 0.466 IN 2021 FROM 0.474 A DECADE AGO.  China’s Gini coefficient for income peaked at 0.49 in 2008 before falling to 0.47 in 2020. 秦晖教授认为,全球化在西方那里造成了社会不平等的加剧,在中国这里本来应该增加社会平等的一些功能,也没有真正能够落实。 这样,用二十世纪的资本主义和劳工来战胜十九世纪的资本主义,全球化在全球都造成了不平等加剧的现象。如果我们说,以前中国改革决定的是中国的命运的话,那么现在,中国改革在某种意义上还决定着世界的命运,决定着全球化到底趋向于一种良性的进步,还是趋向于劣币驱逐良币。秦晖:21世纪的全球化危机(), 危机()。从这个意义上说,不要迷恋中国的崛起。

近年来,中国农村出现了一个特殊群体——留守儿童。 所谓农村留守儿童,是指随着大量农村成年男女向城镇转移就业,而大多数人没有带孩子一起去,导致许多农村儿童远离父母或单亲,成为农村家庭的留守儿童,大多依靠祖父母或祖父母的监督。 随着中国农村剩余劳动力向城市转移,农村出现的留守儿童是一个特殊的社会群体,需要高度重视和关注。

While social problem accumulated in each country and region, war and regional tension escalated. Unlimited War became a popular concept in the army, with far reach consequence to ordinary people, and the future generations. Modern war is turning Humanity spiral down into black hole of self annihilation. Let us not forget the adage that “With great power comes great responsibility”! 《超限战》提出可以透过不流血手段达到传统战争可以、甚至不可能达到的效果,它是立足于现代暴力冲突的演变与现代经济、文化、科技领域的高速发展上的。它强调了技术在未来战争中的地位,但是同时也提出军事思想仍是现代军队的重要组成部分。《超限战》一书立足于美国在越战後的历次战争,特别是波斯灣戰爭科索沃战争,并且与网路攻击、亚洲金融风暴、国际极端恐怖主义相结合,认为未来的战争将是无处不在的,包括金融、貿易、網路駭客、媒體與國際法等範圍,何时何地都将是战场。This type of thoughts is exactly what Buddha taught to us, the cause of our suffering and karma: ignorance, greed and hatred caused by illusion.

How The Ancient Chinese Philosophy Can Lend Wisdom to Modern Predicament 中国古代哲学智慧对现代社会的启发 2 儒家政治伦理思想面临的生存困境

Modern people tend to believe in the notion of end justify the means. As long as they can get what they want, they do not care so much about the process. This approach can be traced back to Machiavelli’s The Prince《君主论》which published in 1532, the period of early European Renaissance. An early version of the manuscript was written in 1513 initially as an offering to the Medici family. Machiavellianism characterizes in pragmatism, a cold-blooded human relations and a totally dismiss of the ethical value in human conducts.

In the last five hundred years, Renaissance Man have been acclaimed as specifically the rebirth of reason, the liberation of man’s mind, the triumph of rationality over mysticism—a faltering, incomplete, but impassioned triumph that led to the birth of science, of individualism, of freedom. Finally even the birth of United States of America is a direct result of Renaissance development . The side effect of the Renaissance as we can all observe today are far reaching, among them are the separation of mind and body, the separation of spirit and material, the separation of nature and human, the exploitation and pollution of nature to fulfill Man’s desire, the beaten of human spirit, the rise of evil, the debasement of social bonding and ethics , and the extreme misuse of resources, etc.

The Renaissance represented a rebirth of the Aristotelian spirit. The great corollary of these results, the product of men who were armed with the knowledge of the scientists and who were free at last to act, was the Industrial Revolution, which turned poverty into abundance and transformed the face of the West. The Aristotelianism released by Aquinas and the Renaissance was sweeping away the dogmas and the shackles of the past. Reason, freedom, and production were replacing faith, force, and poverty. The age-old foundations of statism were being challenged and undercut.

In terms of its morality, the Renaissance was split in two: it was part-Aristotelian, part-Christian. As Aristotelians, the men of the Renaissance displayed the virtues of intelligence and pride, and pursued the value of happiness on earth. As Christians, they upheld the virtues of humility, renunciation and self-sacrifice, and the value of rewards in Heaven. Thus the existentially brilliant era of the Renaissance was marred, spiritually, by a profound moral conflict.

In the sphere of political philosophy, to this day, the market places are mainly occupied by the view of “separation of church and state”, the historic progress doctrine and moral relativism. Confucianism is the square opposite of Machiavellian-ism. It is main content is based on “courtesy”, “people-oriented”, “golden mean middle-way”, “harmony”, and last but not all “loyalty and filial piety”. Confucianism is ethics standard at the absolute sense.

The modern value systems had caused a total disorientation in the mind of modern people as the striking number of mental disorder drastically jumps up as #1 modern disease. At the same time, the prevailing mentality also poses a dilemma to the revival of the Confucian political ethics. It is thus of practical necessity to deconstruct the modern consciousness and restore the dialogue and reconciliation between the classical and the modern thoughts to recover the benefits of Confucian political ethics. This assessment was strongly emphasized in Leo Strauss’ book History of Political Philosophy, which can be looked upon as a survey of the best of western thought.  Leo Strauss was one of the preeminent political philosophers of the twentieth century. He was known for his close careful deep reading of classic Western Civilization philosophic texts. Combining Leo Strauss’ philosophical view with that of Confucianism can give the modern people a more holistic understanding of what is truth.

武汉大学学报刊登的徐红林的文章《儒家政治伦理思想架构及其现代价值》对当代人重新恢复古典人文教育做了提纲挈领的总结。 很值得反思。提要如下:

现代语境下儒家政治伦理思想面临的生存困境:

首先是现代主义主张政教分离。现代主义用政治现实主义取代古典德性政治的理想主义传统,用功利政治和工具理性取代德性政治和道德—实践理性。如此,则使得儒家政治伦理思想与现代政治意识之间存在着内在的紧张性。现代政治意识的始作俑者是马基雅维利,马基雅维利在人类历史上第一次提出君主为了实现政治目的可以采取不道德的政治手段,从而打破了道德对政治的束缚,开启了政治现实主义和现代政治意识的滥觞。

其次是现代人的历史主义观点。历史主义实际上表现为一种历史进步主义的观点,即今人较古人认识问题更为全面和进步,所以对待古典文化和思想我们应采取批判性的态度。历史主义表现了现代人的狂妄、无知和自负,历史主义反对为任何学术建立绝对的形而上学的标准,强调社会背景和历史条件对政治思想的决定性,从而导致了一种历史相对主义的立场。相对主义用社会的普遍承认取代了古典德性政治的“至善”理念,从而使现代政治道德只剩下古典时代遗留下来的一些碎片,最终导致了萨特等存在主义者所归结的道德虚无主义。代表历史主义的经典作家有黑格尔和马克思等。黑格尔认为人类历史的发展是从不完美走向完美的过程,而完美的国家形态就是德意志国家。马克思的历史唯物主义则认为,人类历史是生产力对生产关系、经济基础对上层建筑的决定和互动的过程,最终对历史的发展起决定性作用的是生产力。由于生产力是不断发展的,所以人类历史经历了原始社会、奴隶社会、资本主义社会和社会主义社会的不断进步的螺旋式上升过程,而历史的发展必将实现共产主义。

最后是现代人的道德相对主义观点。古典政治伦理具有一元性和绝对性的特点,倡导一种形而上学的道德观。古代的东方社会形成了一种以宇宙为中心的世界观,而西方社会则形成了以神学为中心的世界观。但是现代人的道德相对主义则解构了这两种世界观,并最终导致道德的多元主义和虚无主义。比如存在主义者海德格尔认为存在先于本质,即此在在被抛掷到这个世界之前,并不存在任何先验的道德,此在的生存并不受某种绝对道德的束缚,而是应该遵从此在的良心和内在自由来自我判断此在在道德上是否有罪(海德格尔,2006)。道德相对主义解构了古典政治伦理的绝对性和形而上学标准,使得古典政治伦理在现代社会日益式微。

道德相对主义给当代中国人带来的是道德滑坡、人的物化、拜金主义和社会道德信仰的崩塌。近年来,频频发生的地沟油事件、毒奶粉事件等各种各样的造假行为,以及裸官事件和官场腐败都到了令人触目惊心的地步,国人已经丧失了最基本的道德底线。如果要防止国人的道德滑坡和崩塌现象进一加剧,重构一种统一的追求至善的价值观和道德信仰势在必行。

西方人的人类中心主义和扩张主义观点自近代以来带来了基督教文明对全世界的征服和掠夺,也间接促进了非西方世界的现代化和发展。但是,地球的资源有限,经济的增长必然存在极限,由于人类对大自然的过度掠夺,大自然已经开始对人类进行报复,生态危机正向我们逼近。在这样的现实语境下,现代人不得不重新思考东方和合文化的内涵与价值。人类作为灵长类动物,只是地球的诸物种之一,如果要实现人类社会的可持续发展,现代人就必须放弃人类的独尊地位和狂妄无知,虚心地与大自然和谐共处。

现代民主政治的弊端正在于宗教和道德彻底地退出了政治生活领域,从而带来了现代人的双重丧失:意义丧失—人生价值的丧失和自由的丧失——道德和宗教信仰的缺乏和异化而失去了内在的精神自由 。 儒家政治伦理是一种古典政治伦理,是一元化和绝对化的伦理思想,即作为整个封建国家和社会所有的阶级和阶层都必须遵循的唯一的形而上学标准和道德规制。

中国政治应该在未来的发展走出“左”与“右”之争而更加强调个体的自由和价值尊严。而儒家“仁”的政治伦理思想恰恰体现了对个体生命的尊重,强调要顺从存在的生命个体所固有之性、情、道而成全之,非以外在于人之道或概念而硬加于民,这完全体现了个体人格之尊严和对个体精神之自由之追求。

我们必须避免对儒学做历史主义的理解,即按照现代人的社会背景和历史条件,按照今人的世界观和方法论,对儒学和儒家政治伦理进行批判和解构,并以历史进步主义的心态、以俯视的姿态对待儒学。五四以来,国人在对待儒家文化和伦理方面,存在着两种经不住严格批判的主张:一是对儒家的权威的反抗;二是对未来的过分乐观。如果我们希望到传统中去寻求教诲,就必须对儒学作非历史主义的理解,即按照儒学的经典作家本人一样如其所是地去理解儒学和儒家伦理思想,对古人的教诲按照绝对主义而非相对主义的方式做出阐释,还儒家政治伦理以本来面目。儒家政治伦理思想作为中国传统政治伦理思想的主流,发展了几千年,包含丰富的政治伦理思想内容,代表了中国文化发展的一个“常道”。在现代语境下,重新梳理儒家政治伦理的内容架构,实现古今和解与对话,有助于重构现代政治的道德基础。

文章提出了一个重要的问题:五四运动和新文化运动是西方文化与中国传统文化发生激烈碰撞与冲突碰撞的典型表现,传统政治伦理与西方政治伦理之间的矛盾与张力日益凸显。最终导致了中华文明和伦理思想发展中的文化断层。在历史上,当儒学在魏晋南北朝时期面临佛教和道教思想的侵蚀时,儒学不但没有走向式微,而是最终融合了道教和佛教的思想从而形成了宋明理学。而近代儒学面临西方基督教文化侵蚀时,为什么却迟迟难以做到对西方文化进行融合而再次复兴呢?究其原因,不得不考虑到以上所提到的现代道德相对主义对中国儒家政治伦理的发展构成的钳制和解构。因为导致儒家政治伦理式微的三个公设: 政教分离、历史进步主义和道德相对主义未必能经受详密的论证和考验。当然儒家政治伦理也存在不足。儒家政治伦理思想没有西方文化中的自由、平等、人权、权利等这些形式概念,没有形成自由的概念和自由的制度架构。